200 interview questions on SCSI FC RAID SAN Solaris SAN Design

Hi Aron

Thanks for your interest & faith in me. I thank you for placing the order on the blog for 200 interview questions at $24.

What you paid was for 200 Interview questions only. But still i want to appreciate your payment & hence you will find answers also for almost 200 interview questions on storage essential topics attached in this email . Anyone who can put time & dedication to read through all these documents can win any Storage job .There are more than 100 people as proof for this who got job offers who used these materials as their core preparation reference guides. so I request you to make the best use of these resources .

These questions were collected from the real interviews attended in almost all major storage companies.

Please DO NOT forward these materials to any body. It usually happens you will forward to your close friend & he will forward to his close friends & thus it reaches more than 1000 people .It happens like some one copies it on his website or blog so every one can have it. I am requesting you NOT to forward this to anyone.I want people to appreciate the effort gone into preparation of these materials. People many times do not value/appreciate what they get for free so if someone is really dedicated they will read through all the articles on this blog & can get the infromation . On the other hand if someone is not having time to read through and want to pay & get all interview questions with answers they can email roger.smithson@gmail.com so that they support this blog to grow. I hope you understand my request.

Please email your feedback & suggestions .Let me know what you feel about this package.

As a thank you from my side find some quick reference guides,advanced SAN Design guide from a major storage company attached & some more detailed guides on the topics I've covered in interview questions.

U also get a bonus HR interview questions answers pdf as well as a SAN Student guide FREE

Find these 19 documents attached in the email I am sending you.


Keep emailing me your progress & I'm sure you can prepare fast for your interviews with these reference materials on storage.

Best Regards
Roger

A Storage Interview Experience from one of the blog reader

Wipro Storage Interview Experience interview attended on 15 August 2007.

Job : Storage & SAN Support Engineer

Number of Rounds :

Initial screening was done through a HR round where there were usual things like :
1. Tell me about your self
2. Tell me about your previous experience
3. How were the team structure or company hierarchy in previous companies
4. What are the tasks & responsibilities you handled in present/previous job
5. Why are you leaving that job
6. Why This company & How can you say that you will stick in this job for a long time
7. What do you look for in your new job
8. What are your strengths & how they helped in your job
9. What are your weaknesses & how are you working to overcome them
10.Why should we hire you?
11.What are your salary expectations ? What is your present CTC & expected CTC ? Notice period & any issue in relocating ?

Next Rounds will details with questions will be posted in the next blog post within next 30 minutes.

If you want to see many job openings in Storage & System administration find them in Storage Jobs Blog

Check out Software Testing Jobs Blog for lots more Testing Interview Questions

What People Are Searching On This Blog Today

Below are the keywords which people are searching on google & finding this blog as answer to their search queries.Is it not interesting to know this blog has articles related to all these keywords. Only it needs time & patience for you to read all those articles.One who reads benefits .Those who benefit will email me roger.smithson@gmail.com to get FREE 100 Interview Questions

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75 posts on Storage Jobs Interview Questions Veritas Solaris

This Blog has nearly 75 posts about Interview Questions, Check out Technorati's search results
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If i have to collect the best Software job "Interview Questions" the list can be something like below

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General questionson Storage Technology

Veritas Interview Questions with answers : Veritas Cluster Server

1. How do check the status of VERITAS Cluster Server aka VCS ?
Ans: hastatus –sum

THANKS ASHISH PATHAK FOR THESE INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

2. Which is the main config file for VCS and where it is located?
Ans: main.cf is the main configuration file for VCS and it is located in /etc/VRTSvcs/conf/config.

3. Which command you will use to check the syntax of the main.cf ?
Ans: hacf -verify /etc/VRTSvcs/conf/config

4. How will you check the status of individual resources of VCS cluster?
Ans: hares –state

5. What is the service group in VCS ?
Ans: Service group is made up of resources and their links which you normally requires to maintain the HA of application.

6. What is the use of halink command ?
Ans: halink is used to link the dependencies of the resources

7. What is the difference between switchover and failover ?
Ans: Switchover is an manual task where as failover is automatic. You can switchover service group from online cluster node to offline cluster node in case of power outage, hardware failure, schedule shutdown and reboot. But the failover will failover the service group to the other node when VCS heartbeat link down, damaged, broken because of some disaster or system hung.

8. What is the use of hagrp command ?
Ans: hagrp is used for doing administrative actions on service groups like online, offline, switch etc.

9. How to switchover the service group in VCS ?
Ans: hagrp –switch -to

10. How to online the service groups in VCS ?
Ans: hagrp –online -sys

These interview questions on Veritas cluster server were contributed by one of our blog reader Ashish Pathak . Ashish has contributed many articles in previously also & I appreciate his openness to share info & help others.

I thank all those who are contributing articles , interview questions, interview experiences, any other useful bit of information.

Job Interview Questions with answers Real experiences of Storage Job Interviews

I just posted about paid services for below listed options. Click on payment buttons next to them & pay through paypal or through credit card to avail these services.

SCSI & RAID Answers ( Interview Questions are already posted on this blog here ) $15 .

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100 Interview Questions (Without answers ) $10 .

400 Interview Questions (Without answers ) $24 .

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"SAN Student guide"
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If you want to pay I thank you - I will see how I can save your time & bring results. If you dont want to I still thank you for your interest to read the blog online. You know google search has all the answers for you , you just need enough time to gather them all & recompile them so u can use it when you really need. Like just before your interview or before going for a presentation.

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Get 100 Interview Questions for just $24 Prepare well for your Interview

How fast can you win a Job Offer if
You Know which topics to focus on
You Know what questions are coming for sure
How to prepare for them
How well to put your resume to get you maximum interview calls

So I am giving you a powerful advantage , if you are aiming for a Job in System Administration or Network Administration or Storage or Unix or Linux
I will give you a short list of topics with very precise information links to help you win your Job interview and a well paying offer letter.

To start with
Get 100 Interview Questions with answers which covers most of the topics asked for a Storage Opening Just for $24 . Click on below button & pay through credit card or through paypal $24. U will recieve 100 Interview Questions from real storage company interviews within 1 Hour in your email box.I will send this document to the email id through which you paid or please write your email in the comments section while paying.

To understand the quality of this Interview Collection you can see my free listing of interview questions on SCSI,RAID below
1. What is SCSI ? What is SASI
2. What are the advantages of SCSI compared to ATA or IDE ?
3. Explain SCSI ID usage & its usage in narrow SCSI ?
4. Give SCSI Evolution ( Mention different types of SCSI )
5. What is CDB ?
6. What are different SCSI command phases ?
7. Mention device types in SCSI-3 ?
8. What is the difference between LVD & HVD ?
8. What is the difference between SE & Differential (HVD) SCSI ?
9. What is a LUN ?
10.Mention differences between SCS-1,2 and 3 ?
11. What is a terminator ?
12.What are the differences between synchronous & asynchronous SCSI ?
13.What is the default ID of SCSI HBA ?
14.How you will install device drivers for HBA during OS installation
15.What is parallel SCSI daisy chaining ?
16.Explain arbitration & Selection process ?
17. What are the maximum no. of devices supported in SCS-1,2,3?
18. What is the maximum length of cable supported in SCS-1,2,3?
19. What is the difference between a SCSI HBA & SCSI RAID Controller card ?
20. What is the Disk speed of different SCSI drives ?

1. What is RAID?
2. What are the advantages of RAID?
3. What are different levels of RAID?
4. Explain RAID0, RAID1, RAID5 ?
5. Whats the difference between RAID0 & RAID1 ?
6. Whats the difference between RAID1 & RAID5 ?
7. Whats the difference between RAID3 & RAID5 ?
8. Whats the difference between RAID01 & RAID10 ?
9. How many minimum disk drives are needed for R0,R1,R5,R10,R01
10.How RAID 5 works and how parity is calculated ?
11.Other than RAID features what are the other features in Software Management Functionalities ?
12.What is initialization ?
13.What is Check consistency ?
14.What is background verification ?
15.What is a RAID array ?
16.Whats the difference between a JBOD & a RAID array ?
17.When JBOD is preferred over RAID array ?
18.What is a hot spare ?
19.What is a Logical drive or Virtual drive ?
20.What is rebuilding of array ?
21.What you do when a drive in an array fails, how you bring it back to optimal online mode ?
22.What are the different states an array can be in and explain each state?
23.Explain Online,Offline,Degraded states of an array ?
24.What is the difference between a global hotspare & a dedicated hotspare ?
25.How RAID is configured through BIOS ?
26.HoW RAID is configured in OS level?
27.What is the difference between a software & hardware RAID?
28.Which is best RAID level for performance and which is best for redundancy?

If you want answers for above 20 SCSI and 28 RAID Interview Questions please pay only $15 by clicking this button

RAID Interview Questions Redundant Array of Independent Disks

Get more than 200 Interview questions & many answers for Only $100 can be paid through paypal - pay roger.smithson@gmail.com paypal id & get all the below
- More than 200 Interview questions
- Answers for many of the interview questions
- SAN Student PDF guide
- SAN & Fibre Channel pdf tutorials
- Many Online Downloadable materials on Storage fundamentals
- Lots of email support sharing Interview Questions from some of the Big Storage Companies

YOU CAN PAY THRU CREDIT CARD OR PAYPAL BY CLICKING BELOW BUTTON

1. What is RAID?
2. What are the advantages of RAID?
3. What are different levels of RAID?
4. Explain RAID0, RAID1, RAID5 ?
5. Whats the difference between RAID0 & RAID1 ?
6. Whats the difference between RAID1 & RAID5 ?
7. Whats the difference between RAID3 & RAID5 ?
8. Whats the difference between RAID01 & RAID10 ?
9. How many minimum disk drives are needed for R0,R1,R5,R10,R01 ?
10.How RAID 5 works and how parity is calculated ?
11.Other than RAID features what are the other features in Software Management Functionalities ?
12.What is initialization ?
13.What is Check consistency ?
14.What is background verification ?
15.What is a RAID array ?
16.Whats the difference between a JBOD & a RAID array ?
17.When JBOD is preferred over RAID array ?
18.What is a hot spare ?
19.What is a Logical drive or Virtual drive ?
20.What is rebuilding of array ?
21.What you do when a drive in an array fails, how you bring it back to optimal online mode ?
22.What are the different states an array can be in and explain each state?
23.Explain Online,Offline,Degraded states of an array ?
24.What is the difference between a global hotspare & a dedicated hotspare ?
25.How RAID is configured through BIOS ?
26.HoW RAID is configured in OS level?
27.What is the difference between a software RAID & hardware RAID ?
28.Which is best RAID level for performance and which is best for redundancy?

Email roger.smithson@gmail.com : send ur CV - ask all your doubts or questions

Please write in detail about yourself, your plans, your interest and expectations. If possible send your present CV/Resume/Profile information so that I can better understand you. If you are not writing in detail - I may not be able to reply to you. If you are seriously expecting a reply please do write in detail in your first email.

Interview Questions of EMC,Sun Microsystems,Vmware,Symphony Services,HP,IBM,LSI Logic

If you are looking for Interview questions asked specifically in below companies for Storage related job openings ( Storage Implementation Engineer or Storage Support or Storage Testing or Storage QA )
You can get these by email - each company interview question costs $15 each

EMC
IBM
HP
Dell Softwares
Sun Microsystems
VMware
LSI Logic
Symphony Services

The questions were collected from several rounds ( sometimes more than 2 rounds of interviews ) only technical questions are shared - HR or soft skill questions are not covered here

Email roger.smithson@gmail.com & mention which company interview question you want & also make paypal payment to roger.smithson@gmail.com email id $15 for each company interview question list.
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FC Interview questions Fibre Channel Interview Questions Fabric Frame FCAL

Fiber Channel Interview questions from Storage,Network and System administration interview experiences are given here.Answers will be given if you email roger.smithson@gmail.com & send your CV :

1. What is FC ?
2. What are the advantages of FC ?
3. Mention the differences between FC & SCSI ?
4. Explain the layers in FC Protocol ?
5. What are the functions of layer2 and layer3 in FC ?
6. What are different FC topologies ?
7. What is the difference between point to point & Switched in FC ?
8. Explain FC-AL ?
9. Explain the process of initialization in FC ?
10.Explain these terms : LIFA,LIPA,LIHA,LISA
11.What is a Fabric and what are its components ?
12.What are the different FC ports ?
13.Explain different types of flow controls ?
14.What is the difference between buffer to buffer and End to End flow control ?
15.What are the different classes of Services and explain them ?
16.Explain addressing in FC ?
17.Explain FC login process ?
18.What is transmission character and transmission word ?
19.What is a frame, sequence and exchange ?
20.Explain FC frame composition ?
21.Why do we need login in FC ?
22.How many connections are possible in FC ?
23.What are the maximum devices supported in each topologies of FC ?
24.What is the difference between FC & iSCSI ?
25.Mention the FC Controller card manufacturers you know ?

IF U WANT 200 STORAGE,FIBRE CHANNEL,SAN INTERVIEW QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS it costs only $15 email roger.smithson@gmail.com for more information.

Fibre Channel Controller Card ( Gigabit FC )


FC Layer structure


FC Architecture explained through diagram (another way of representation of Fibre channel layers)

Fibre Channel Network Architecture brief introduction

FC Network protocol & architecture are other important topics any storage professional should be aware of.
Fibre Channel Protocol


Fibre Channel Overview
Fibre Channel is a networking standard that is designed to move data through specific devices at specific speeds. Initially, Fibre Channel was used primarily to attach servers to a storage device, such as a RAID array or a tape backup device. More recently, Fibre Channel has evolved as the architecture of choice for many storage area networks. Fibre Channel is ideally suited to this role because it is very reliable, very scalable, and very flexible. It's possible to add more storage without disrupting operations, use a number of backup schemes that don't load the main network, and manage very large data collections that span multiple disks.

Fibre Channel is a high speed (100 to 800 Mbps) medium used for data transfer and storage. Fibre Channel provides a logical bi-directional, point-to-point connection between a host and a device. It is essentially a serial data channel created over fiber optic cabling which makes it possible to transfer data at much greater distances than SCSI and ATA interfaces.

Fibre Channel is designed to work with either copper wires or with fiber. Although copper is used only for shorter distances, a variety of copper mediums can be used, including telephone wire or coaxial cable. If fiber optic cable is used, distances of about six miles can be achieved with minimal loss of speed. Another advantage of dedicated channel based communication is its ability to provide increased bandwidth than network based links.

Features and Benefits
Storage Area Networks are not new ideas in data storage, however they are increasing in popularity due to high demand by users who need to store large volumes of data. A SAN is a group of storage devices connected via a network of connections to host computer or server. The primary advantages of SANs are:
* Storage resource pooling/sharing
* LAN and server-free backup
* Centralized storage resource management
* Data sharing - Large number of users
* Performance - High Speed, Low Latency
* Distance (>10KM)

Architecture
Channels and networks are the two primary ways that data is transferred between devices. Fibre Channel uses channels and frames instead of packets to move data. Each frame is approximately 2KB in size. Of this amount, 1.5 percent is header information. Channels transfer data through switched or direct point-to-point connections and they work by creating a fixed connection between the source and destination devices until the transfer is complete.

Connections are made on Fibre Channel systems through "interconnection components" including switches, hubs, and bridges. The ability of Fibre Channel to use different interconnect devices makes it scalable depending on user needs. For small Fibre Channel networks, hubs and bridges may be used for connecting devices in a topology called Fiber Channel arbitrated Loop (FC- AL). As Fibre Channel networks get larger and network demands increase, switching may be implemented. A switched Fibre Channel network is called a fabric.

Fabric topology permits multiple paths between two ports on the Fabric. Loop topology, on the other hand, there can only be one active circuit at a time. Loop and Fabric topologies can be combined to provide both connectivity and performance. If a link in a point-to-point topology fails, communication between that pair of ports stops. Communication between other point-to-point connected Ports continues.

Fiber optics are excellent for transmitting data across a network because they are reliable. They do not have the same problems that are associated with copper cabling such as attenuation (loss of signal strength) and noise. It is also more secure than copper because crosstalk does not occur with Fiber Optic cables. Fibre Channel traffic can also be transmitted over other cable types such as copper, coaxial cables or Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) wires.

Class of Service - Fibre Channel technology makes use of classes of service to define communication between devices.

* Class 1 a dedicated channel between two connection devices. In this configuration, if a host and a device are connected, no other host can use that connection. The advantage of using service class 1 is speed and reliability.
* Class 2 is known as a "connectionless" service. It a frame-switched link that guarantees delivery of packets from device to device and packet receipt acknowledgments.
* Class 3 is called unacknowledged connectionless service and is good for broadcasts. This configuration allows multiple transmissions to be sent across the Fibre Channel fabric to multiple devices.
* Class 4 is called "intermix", which creates a dedicated connection but it also allows class 2 traffic to access the link. This method is very efficient and it allows for greater bandwidth because more than one connection can access the system at any time.



For more info u can read on ::www.lecroy.com/tm/Solutions/Protocol/fibrechannel.asp?menuid=29

Storage architecture SAN architecture FC Network architecture

One of the Top question asked either in a Storage job profile interview or while attending a Client meeting is "Explain your system architecture". Based on whats their interest they may be interested to know about your
- Storage architecture
- SAN architecture
- FC Network architectiure

So this post has few images & some good links to help you learn more on these Very important topics

Storage architecture: Storage architecture design should follow a structured approach to ensure that the correct solution is adopted by the organization. The three basic types of storage architectures that are discussed in this blueprint(microsoft.com/technet/solutionaccelerators/wssra/raguide/ArchitectureBlueprints/rbabst_2.mspx) are:
- Distributed Storage
- Hybrid Storage
- Centralized Storage
Each of these storage architecture types defines a storage pattern that can be used as a starting point for providing guidance on how the storage should integrate with the business needs of an organization. If business needs are not communicated when enterprise architecture issues are being considered, it is easy for new projects to focus only on their own requirements and miss the wider picture that an architecture encompasses.

A structured design process for a complete enterprise storage solution consists of:
•Determining the storage requirements.
•Choosing the storage technologies.
•Defining fault tolerance technologies.
•Defining backup and recovery technologies.



Hybrid Storage Example


Centralized Storage Example


SAN Architecture example


Please read forthcoming posts for more photos & details about FC & Network architecture

IBM Server Grid Videos for your Reference

Here is a Video Feast for people with High bandwidth internet.

Video of IBM's Grid Project


Video of Dell Enterprise Storage Lab - MUST Watch


RAID Creation while Installing Redhat Linux


Vmware Presentation


Would you like to dance in a Data Center Server Room full of High End Servers

400 Interview Questions on Storage,Veritas Volume Manager,Solaris,Networking,Testing for $15

This is a single word file containing Real Interview Questions with Answers for more than 400 Interview Questions on the below topics
- Storage Technology & Data Management
- Veritas Volume Manager
- Solaris,Linux,Unix - System Administration
- Networking
- Storage & Software Testing

Paying $15 is all u have to do to get this complete document. Below is the Paypal donation button just click on it & make a $15 donation and you will recieve the Word file within 1-2 hours in mail - please mention your email id in comments or email roger.smithson@gmail.com mentioning your payment once i verify your payment status you will recieve the word file document.

You can even pay directly from your paypal to my paypal id roger.smithson@gmail.com Once the payment is done you will recieve your Interview Questions document wordfile.

Also as a bonus you will get links to some of the most popular & useful tech videos which are detailed Tutorials on the above said topics.

Free Tutorials,Videos,Images,PDF to help you Get IT Jobs

Links of some of the previous posts on this blog

Salary in Software companies in India,bangalore,bombay,delhi,noida
Guidance for new starters in Storage/Networking
Storage Basics Tutorials
High Salary Paying Jobs in Storage,Networking,Administration
High Salary Job expect Higher Dedication & SkillsetHow to Get Job in Software industry
Real Company Storage Infrastructure
New DataCenter being Built:Images
Virtual Tour of a DataCenter
How to Setup a Simple Storage Lab
Network Administrator,System Administrator Resume
Thanks for all Blog Contributors
Storage Consolidation explained through sample images
Storage setup sample images for you
SAN example network setup for your learning
Videos Tutorials for Storage & Networking Technology
Get assured software Job but be Dedicated
Advantages of Reading this Blog
How high do these jobs pay
Interview Questions on FIbre Channel
Network Attached Storage introduction
NAS Video Tutorials
Veritas VOlume Manager Interview Questions with answers
Veritas VOlume Manager Job Interviews
Daily Updated Blog Keep reading

Where to start if you are preparing for a job in Storage technology

How To Start Planning & Preparing for a Software Job or a Job in Storage (specifically)
Thanks to Triveni Rao one of the blog visitor for contributing this article.

If you want to get a Job in Storage related technology area, prepare on below topics

Fibre Channel networking fundamentals
HBAs (Host Bus Adaptors)
RAID mirroring Backup and Recovery fundamentals
Basic Understanding of File system
Database storage functions
Basic understanding of Storage Virtualization
Loops and Switches (Networking)
How zoning is applied
How LUN masking is applied
Volume management fundamentals
Media management automation
Basic Ethernet/IP networking knowledge
Grip of OS administration(Linux/Solaris preferred)

Start your preparation by knowing all the above mentioned topics theoritically : which means long hours of studying the Big reference books ( Or reading this whole blog as most of these topics are covered on this blog ).
Try to have a practical lab setup where u can configure switches/networks, create & test RAID, Experiment on Volume Management etc.

Once u are good with theory & done several pracitical lab sessions on the above coverable topics - then u start narrowing down on a Job profile which u are interested to work in. It may start with (Job Roles in Storage domain)
- Storage Support
- Storage Field Engineer
- Storage Testing
- Storage documentation
- Storage Planning
- Storage deployment
- Storage interoperability
- Storage Virtualization
- Storage Disaster Recovery
- Storage Migration

Ur role may keep changing but thats how u learn many things in any technology.
Once u are well aware of whats expected of u in a Job Description or Job Profile - you start improving your theoritical as well as practical knowledge in these specific areas.

Once you are confident about the above steps - start attending MOCK INTERVIEWS. If you want I can arrange for a Mock Interview session provided you have prepared well - FREE SERVICE.

Once u have taken enough Mock interviews - start applying for the real company jobs & get some interviews - attend & keep attending interviews. Also dont forget to improve your Domain strengths & reduce the failures in any other related area like - Softskills,HR,PR etc.

KEEP READING & EMAILING ME roger.smithson@gmail.com & I will workwith you to help you succeed & get a High Paying Job in Storage Technology.

Previous Posts on Storage Technology Jobs

Email ur friends about this blog & CC me roger.smithson@gmail.com . I Will send u links of Storage or Tech Job Video with lots of Real Industry Exposure for every friend you email. I want to spread the word & help more people thru this blog .U'll also get many more Surprise Gifts to Boost your Career & Salary.

How to get Job in Software Industry:Networking,Unix,Storage any IT domain

If you are searching for a Job in Software industry so here is the good news.This is the only Blog http://storage-jobs.blogspot.com u ever need to read online to get all pointers & information.

Tried & Tested Steps to get Job in IT industry:
1. Be focussed - Start with a plan to get Job
2. Prepare pointers on which domain is ur target & where u have the skills.
3. Prepare Resume/CV - Keep improvising it
4. Learn,Execute & Experience many new concepts/technologies in your target domain
5. Improve your skillset
6. Prepare on the projects which you will include in ur resume/CV
7. Know what are requirements of the job profiles of your interest
8. Improve on the areas which are critical for such job profile
9. Keep taking mock interviews
10.Keep in touch with guys who are in industry & experienced
11.Start attending Interviews - Have preknowledge about the company to which u are going for interviews
12.Even when u fail interviews - Keep your motivation level high
13.Improve on your weakness & Strengthen your Job Profile & knowledge
14. Portray the right attitude towards everyone from ur friends to your interviewers & the HR team
15. Follow up with the interview process

So in next few posts I will reveal how "A Succesful Job Offer Winner" goes with each of thiis step & many more big career secrets/advantages are shared - Keep emailing roger.smithson@gmail.com if you need more help & information.

I have one condition - Share ur knowledge, experience, anything of use to other blog visitors & fellow job hunters & I'll definitely help you - If you are a low headed guy just asking or taking help & never giving anything back - Dont bother to get in touch with me.

I care for people who care for others & I hate the people who just donno how to give something back.

One more good news : If you are willing to share knowledge & any good ORIGINAL postings - I will help you with each of these above said steps to boost your Career.

This blog has more than 150 posts till now & it has most of the info you need to get job so if you want to win read all the PREVIOUS POSTS - Use the "BLOG ARCHIVE" to the top right side & you can see all the articles written.

If you wanna complain or give feedback email me roger.smithson@gmail.com & I appreciate also respect your views.

I want you to be Happy and I want to help

This is a very special blogpost
This is not a tech post - This is more of a personal post.
Through this post I want to THANK all the people

- Who share knowledge with me & this blog
- Who show that they care for others
- Who prove that its not always gain that man has on his mind
- Who support you & help you build a better life & Career.
- Who email me

I want to thank all these nice people who showed that they Care,Thanks a lot
- Sean Ray ( For inspiring & motivating me to keep working on this blog )
- Jaiku P ( For sending more than 80 interview questions on Storage with answers to many questions - I really appreciate your efforts )
- Vijay AR (For sharing so many nice tech books & constantly emailing)
- Ashish Pathak (For sharing interview questions on the most wanted - Veritas Volume Manager )
- Sarfaraz M( For all the emails & nice ideas you shared)
- Yogesh Sobale ( For all the encouragement & enthusiasm you showed)
- A R Rahman ( For interview questions on Fibre Channel )
- Naveen Sangagl ( For all the chat sessions & Support )
- Unni Krishnan ( For your support & friendship )
- Toufeeq abdula ( For all the constant emails & support )

Thanks again to all the nice people who wrote in the comments sections
and most of all THANKS A LOT to the visitors of this blog who are taking time to read & appreciate this blog. DO CONTRIBUTE & SHARE YOUR KNOWLEDGE.

I wish this list of people keeps increasing .This blog's wealth of knowledge is due to contribution of all these people - I want you all to appreciate their support.

Storage jobs pay higher salary - But you need to work hard for it

EMAIL roger.smithson@gmail.com FOR A FREE 200 Interview Questions word file & A POWERFUL SAN STUDENT GUIDE PDF

Email ur friends about this blog & CC me roger.smithson@gmail.com . I Will send u links of Storage or Tech Job Video with lots of Real Industry Exposure for every friend you email. I want to spread the word & help more people thru this blog .U'll also get many more Surprise Gifts to Boost your Career & Salary.

Salary in Software Companies in INDIA,bombay,delhi,pune,bangalore
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SAN Interview Questions with answers
Storage Consolidation explained in a simple way
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How to get an offer Letter with a big Salary in SAN industry
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Storage area networking Tutorial (Videos)
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Storage jobs blog - How to get a SAN job (Videos)
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Storage Switches in Cisco Central Network Lab
Data Center Real Cisco Virtual Tour : Modems
SAN jobs or Storage Area Network Jobs - How You Can Get
Your feedback on this blog is Welcome
High availability & its importance
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This Blog is dedicated to YOU

Previous Posts on Storage Technology Jobs

Storage Basics Tutorial to help you prepare for Job Interview

EMAIL roger.smithson@gmail.com FOR A FREE FILE with 200 Interview Questions & STORAGE STUDENT TUTORIAL GUIDE

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED ALL THROUGHOUT THIS BLOG

A node is a computer attached to a SAN.
A SAN is a high-speed subnetwork of shared storage devices.
Software that manages San file system functions, such as file locking, space allocation, and data access authorization, is called the Metadata controller.(This is an Apple Storage implementation term - other companies use other terms)
Metadata controller uses callbacks to communicate with file system clients.

Xsan file system client software runs on all nodes in the SAN and communicates with the metadata controller in order to provide Xsan services. The term file system client refers to a node that is running the Xsan file system client software.

A redundant array of independent disks (RAID) device is a category of disk devices that combines two or more drives increased for fault tolerance and performance. There are several RAID levels:
*Level 0 provides data striping, where blocks of a file are spread across multiple disks, increasing performance; this level does not have any provisions that increase fault tolerance.
*Level 1 provides disk mirroring.
*Level 3 provides the data striping of Level 0 and also reserves a disk for storing error correction data, thereby increasing performance and fault tolerance.
*Level 5 provides data striping at the byte level and maintains stripe error correction information.

A JBOD (just a bunch of disks) is a disk that is not configured for RAID.

A logical unit number (LUN) is an aggregation of physical devices. Applications access LUNs through the special files in the system’s /dev/disk directory. For RAID devices, a LUN is typically a RAID-5 with three or more physical drives making up the LUN. For JBOD devices, one JBOD is one LUN.

A storage pool is a grouping of LUNs that have the same characteristics. Another term for storage pool is stripe group. One or more storage pools form a mountable volume. The number of volumes hosted by a single Xsan metadata controller should not exceed eight.

Stripe depth is the number of disks that have been assigned to a storage pool.

The stripe breadth is the maximum amount of data that is read or written before switching to the next LUN in the storage pool. When the last LUN is reached, I/O operations go back to t he first LUN. This is how large logical I/O operations are broken down into stripes across multiple LUNs. For example, if the stripe breadth for a storage pool is set at 4 MB, each I/O operation on that storage pool is physically no more than 4 MB. A 16 MB I/O operation would be broken down into 4 physical I/O operations.

A stripe line is the stripe breadth multiplied by the number of LUNs in the storage pool. To maximize performance, make I/O requests that area stripe line in size.

For real-time I/O, well-formed I/O is I/O that is a stripe line in size. This size makes the best utilization of the disks in the storage pool and maximizes the transfer rate. For non-real-time I/O, well-formed I/O is I/O that is memory aligned (modulus 4 bytes), 512-byte sector aligned, and modulus sector sized.

A block is the smallest number of bytes that can be read or written.

Storage pools can be assigned one or more values, known as an affinity identifiers, and a file can be assigned one affinity. When a request is made to allocate space in a file for which the affinity has been set, the space is allocated from the storage pool that an affinity identifier that matches the file’s affinity. For example, consider a SAN with some moderate performance JBOD LUNs and some high performance RAID-5 LUNs. By grouping the RAID-5 LUNs into the same storage pool and assigning them a specific affinity identifier, the developer can steer performance critical data to that storage pool. Files containing less critical data or files that do not have an affinity are assigned to the storage pool that consists of JBOD LUNs.

When a storage pool is in real-time I/O mode, file system clients that have processes that do non-real-time I/O must request a non-real-time I/O token Xsan throttles the speed of I/O of applications that are not in real-time mode so that their I/O does not interfere with real-time I/O. This document uses the term gate to describe processes or file descriptors that are not in real-time I/O mode and the term ungated to describe processes or file descriptors that are in real-time I/O mode.

An extent is a chunk of file data whose allocation is contiguous on a storage pool. A file’s data may be stored in one or more extents. Information about an extent includes its file-relative starting byte offset, its file system starting byte offset, the file system ending byte offset, and the ordinal of the storage pool on which the extent resides. File system clients use extent mapping tables to load information about a file’s extents. Loading extent information improves performance by eliminating a subsequent trip by the file system client to the metadata controller in order to retrieve extent information for the range mapped by an I/O request.

When there are two or more storage pools that have the same characteristics, an allocation strategy is needed. The strategy can be to round-robin files through the set of storage pools, balance the remaining space in the storage pools, or fill the first storage pool before going to the next storage pool.

A disk file system, such as a UFS or HFS+ file system, resides on the internal drives of a computer or on storage devices that are attached directly to the computer. A network file system allows data on internal drives or on directly attached drives to be shared with other computers on the network. Examples of network file systems include Apple Filing Protocol (AFP), Server Message Block (SMB), Common Internet File System (CIFS), or Network File System (NFS). A distributed file system is a blend of disk file system and network file system used to simplify data sharing through the creation of a single shared name space across a collection of servers. A cluster file system gives multiple computers simultaneous, very high-speed access to all shared data residing on an external, centralized storage pool. The storage pool typically consists of highly available RAID systems. Xsan is a cluster file system

SAN Architecture


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